宾格

更新时间:2024-06-05 13:58

宾格(英语:accusative case/objective case,拉丁语:casus accusativus),是语法上格的一种,表示一个动词的直接宾语的一个名词,或用做句子中一个前置词的宾语

代词的宾格

英语里的人称代词主格、宾格之分:

主格要放在主语位置,宾格要放在宾语位置。主语位置都知道,一般在句首,如:

I am a teacher.

在英语中,宾语有两个位置,一个在动词后跟宾语,注意不是所有的动词都需要跟宾语。另一个在介词后跟宾语,如:

I give him a book.

这里的give是动词,him是give的宾语(宾语的作用是使谓语所表达的意思完整和清楚),因为him的位置是宾语,所以,如果在这个位置上用的是人称代词,就得用宾格,而不能主格的he.

She speaks to me.

这里的to是介词,它后面的me在英语语法中称宾语,因此也要用宾格。

混同

在实际运用中,主格和宾格代词有时会混淆。下面是常见的问题:

1.在复合结构里,人称代词的主格和宾格在单独使用时,没有问题,如很少人会犯下这样的错误:  

*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.  

*(2)Her knew what had happened.  

但在复合结构中,错误就难免了,如:  

*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.  

*(4)He and her knew what had happened.  

*(5)This is between you and he.  

这种错误是可避免的。

第一,在有介词的复合结构中,特别要注意,第二个人称代词,必须用宾语,如:

for you and me

between Maria and him

第二,试把复合结构中的另一部分暂时用括号围起来,那么该用的格就容易辨别了,如:

(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.  

(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.  

2..在比较结构里,连接词

(8)a. You did as well as she.  b. You did as well as her.  

(9)a. I am older than he.  b. I am older than him.  

(10)You did as well as she did.  

(11)I am older than he is .  

(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.  b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.  

(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).  b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.

(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B:  显然,这两句的深层意思大有差别。遇到这种情形,为了避免误解,不妨根据要表达的意思用完整的句式表达出来。换句话说,必要的话,要用(13)这句子。  不然,把(13)a变成(14), (13)b变成(15)也可:  

(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.  

(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.

名词的宾格

现代英语中名词是没有宾格可言的,但英语从法语、西班牙语、意大利语中吸收了很多名词和形容词,这些名词和形容词往往就源自拉丁语的宾格。一些后缀就源于宾格:

另外,英语从拉丁语中吸收了一些说法,下面短语中第二个词就是宾格:

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